Multithreading in java is
a process of executing multiple threads simultaneously.
Thread is basically a lightweight sub-process, a smallest
unit of processing. Multiprocessing and multithreading, both are used to
achieve multitasking.
But we use multithreading than multiprocessing because
threads share a common memory area. They don't allocate separate memory area so
saves memory, and context-switching between the threads takes less time than
process.
Java Multithreading is mostly used in games, animation
etc.
Advantages of Java Multithreading
1) It doesn't block the user because
threads are independent and you can perform multiple operations at same time.
2) You can perform many operations together so it
saves time.
3) Threads are independent so it doesn't
affect other threads if exception occur in a single thread.
Multitasking
Multitasking is a process of executing multiple tasks
simultaneously. We use multitasking to utilize the CPU. Multitasking can be
achieved by two ways:
- Process-based
Multitasking(Multiprocessing)
- Thread-based
Multitasking(Multithreading)
1) Process-based
Multitasking (Multiprocessing)
- Each process
have its own address in memory i.e. each process allocates separate memory
area.
- Process is
heavyweight.
- Cost of
communication between the process is high.
- Switching from
one process to another require some time for saving and loading registers,
memory maps, updating lists etc.
2) Thread-based
Multitasking (Multithreading)
- Threads share
the same address space.
- Thread is
lightweight.
- Cost of
communication between the thread is low.
Note: At least one process is required
for each thread.
What is
Thread in java
A thread is a lightweight sub process, a smallest unit of
processing. It is a separate path of execution.
Threads are independent, if there occurs exception in one
thread, it doesn't affect other threads. It shares a common memory area.
As shown in the above figure, thread is executed inside
the process. There is context-switching between the threads. There can be
multiple processes inside the OS and one process can have multiple threads.
Note: At a time one thread is executed
only.
Life cycle of a Thread (Thread States)
A thread can be in one of the five states. According to
sun, there is only 4 states in thread
life cycle in java new,
runnable, non-runnable and terminated. There is no running state.
But for better understanding the threads, we are
explaining it in the 5 states.
The life cycle of the thread
in java is controlled by JVM. The java thread states are as follows:
- New
- Runnable
- Running
- Non-Runnable
(Blocked)
- Terminated
|
1) New The
thread is in new state if you create an instance of Thread class but before
the invocation of start() method. |
2) Runnable
The thread is in
runnable state after invocation of start() method, but the thread scheduler has
not selected it to be the running thread.
3) Running
The thread is in
running state if the thread scheduler has selected it.
4) Non-Runnable (Blocked)
This is the state when
the thread is still alive, but is currently not eligible to run.
5) Terminated
A thread is in
terminated or dead state when its run() method exits.
How to create thread
There are two ways to create a thread:
- By extending
Thread class
- By
implementing Runnable interface.
Thread
class:
|
Thread class provide constructors and
methods to create and perform operations on a thread.Thread class extends
Object class and implements Runnable interface. |
Commonly used
Constructors of Thread class:
|
o
Thread() o
Thread(String name) o
Thread(Runnable r) o
Thread(Runnable
r,String name) |
Commonly used
methods of Thread class:
|
1.
public
void run(): is used
to perform action for a thread. 2.
public
void start(): starts
the execution of the thread.JVM calls the run() method on the thread. 3.
public
void sleep(long miliseconds): Causes the currently executing thread to sleep
(temporarily cease execution) for the specified number of milliseconds. 4.
public
void join(): waits
for a thread to die. 5.
public
void join(long miliseconds): waits for a thread to die for the specified
miliseconds. 6.
public
int getPriority(): returns
the priority of the thread. 7.
public
int setPriority(int priority): changes the priority of the thread. 8.
public
String getName(): returns
the name of the thread. 9.
public
void setName(String name): changes
the name of the thread. 10.
public
Thread currentThread(): returns
the reference of currently executing thread. 11.
public
int getId(): returns
the id of the thread. 12.
public
Thread.State getState(): returns
the state of the thread. 13.
public
boolean isAlive(): tests if
the thread is alive. 14.
public
void yield(): causes
the currently executing thread object to temporarily pause and allow other
threads to execute. 15.
public
void suspend(): is used
to suspend the thread(depricated). 16.
public
void resume(): is used
to resume the suspended thread(depricated). 17.
public
void stop(): is used
to stop the thread(depricated). 18.
public
boolean isDaemon(): tests if
the thread is a daemon thread. 19.
public
void setDaemon(boolean b): marks
the thread as daemon or user thread. 20.
public
void interrupt(): interrupts
the thread. 21.
public
boolean isInterrupted(): tests if
the thread has been interrupted. 22.
public
static boolean interrupted(): tests if the current thread has been interrupted. |
Runnable interface:
|
The Runnable interface should be
implemented by any class whose instances are intended to be executed by a
thread. Runnable interface have only one method named run(). |
|
1.
public void
run(): is used to perform action for a thread. |
Starting a thread:
|
start() method of Thread class is used to start a newly created
thread. It performs following tasks: o
A new thread
starts(with new callstack). o
The thread moves
from New state to the Runnable state. o
When the thread gets
a chance to execute, its target run() method will run. |
1) Java Thread Example by extending
Thread class
1.
class Multi extends Thread{
2.
public void run(){
3.
System.out.println("thread is running...");
4.
}
5.
public static void main(String args[]){
6.
Multi t1=new Multi();
7.
t1.start();
8.
}
9.
}
Output:thread
is running...
2) Java Thread Example by
implementing Runnable interface
1.
class Multi3 implements Runnable{
2.
public void run(){
3.
System.out.println("thread is running...");
4.
}
5.
6.
public static void main(String args[]){
7.
Multi3 m1=new Multi3();
8.
Thread t1 =new Thread(m1);
9.
t1.start();
10.
} }
Output:thread
is running...
|
If you are not extending the Thread
class,your class object would not be treated as a thread object.So you need
to explicitely create Thread class object.We are passing the object of your
class that implements Runnable so that your class run() method may execute. |
Sleep method in java
The sleep() method of Thread class is used to sleep a
thread for the specified amount of time.
Syntax of
sleep() method in java
The Thread class provides two methods for sleeping a
thread:
- public static
void sleep(long miliseconds)throws InterruptedException
- public static
void sleep(long miliseconds, int nanos)throws InterruptedException
Example of sleep
method in java
1.
class TestSleepMethod1 extends Thread{
2.
public void run(){
3.
for(int i=1;i<5;i++){
4.
try{Thread.sleep(500);}catch(InterruptedException e){System.out.println(e);}
5.
System.out.println(i);
6.
}
7.
}
8.
public static void main(String args[]){
9.
TestSleepMethod1 t1=new TestSleepMethod1();
10.
TestSleepMethod1 t2=new TestSleepMethod1();
11.
t1.start();
12.
t2.start();
13.
}
14.
}
Output:
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
As you know well that at a time only one thread is
executed. If you sleep a thread for the specified time,the thread shedular
picks up another thread and so on.
Synchronization in Java
·
Multithreading introduces asynchronous behavior to the programs.
If a thread is writing some data another thread may be reading the same data at
that time. This may bring inconsistency.
·
When two or more threads need access to a shared resource there
should be some way that the resource will be used only by one resource at a
time. The process to achieve this is called synchronization.
·
To implement the synchronous behavior java has synchronous
method. Once a thread is inside a synchronized method, no other thread can call
any other synchronized method on the same object. All the other threads then
wait until the first thread come out of the synchronized block.
·
When we want to synchronize access to objects of a class which
was not designed for the multithreaded access and the code of the method which
needs to be accessed synchronously is not available with us, in this case we
cannot add the synchronized to the appropriate methods. In java we have the
solution for this, put the calls to the methods (which needs to be
synchronized) defined by this class inside a synchronized block in following
manner.
Synchronized(object)
{ // statement to be synchronized
}
Synchronization in java is the capability to
control the access of multiple threads to any shared resource.
Java Synchronization is better option where we want to
allow only one thread to access the shared resource.
Why use
Synchronization
The synchronization is mainly used to
- To prevent
thread interference.
- To prevent
consistency problem.
Types of Synchronization
There
are two types of synchronization
- Process
Synchronization
- Thread
Synchronization
Thread Synchronization
There
are two types of thread synchronization mutual exclusive and inter-thread
communication.
- Mutual
Exclusive
- Synchronized
method.
- Synchronized
block.
- static
synchronization.
- Cooperation
(Inter-thread communication in java)
Mutual Exclusive
Mutual
Exclusive helps keep threads from interfering with one another while sharing
data. This can be done by three ways in java:
- by
synchronized method
- by
synchronized block
- by static
synchronization
Concept of Lock in Java
Synchronization
is built around an internal entity known as the lock or monitor. Every object
has an lock associated with it. By convention, a thread that needs consistent
access to an object's fields has to acquire the object's lock before accessing
them, and then release the lock when it's done with them.
From
Java 5 the package java.util.concurrent.locks contains several lock
implementations.
Understanding the problem without Synchronization
In
this example, there is no synchronization, so output is inconsistent. Let's see
the example:
1.
Class Table{
2.
void printTable(int n){//method not synchronized
3.
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
4.
System.out.println(n*i);
5.
try{
6.
Thread.sleep(400);
7.
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
8.
} } }
9.
10. class MyThread1 extends Thread{
11. Table t;
12. MyThread1(Table t){
13. this.t=t;
14. }
15. public void run(){
16. t.printTable(5);
17. }}
18. class MyThread2 extends Thread{
19. Table t;
20. MyThread2(Table t){
21. this.t=t;
22. }
23. public void run(){
24. t.printTable(100);
25. }}
26.
27. class TestSynchronization1{
28. public static void main(String args[]){
29. Table obj = new Table();//only one object
30. MyThread1 t1=new MyThread1(obj);
31. MyThread2 t2=new MyThread2(obj);
32. t1.start();
33. t2.start();
34. }}
Output: 5
100
10
200
15
300
20
400
25
500
Java synchronized method
If
you declare any method as synchronized, it is known as synchronized method.
Synchronized
method is used to lock an object for any shared resource.
When
a thread invokes a synchronized method, it automatically acquires the lock for
that object and releases it when the thread completes its task.
1.
//example of java synchronized method
2.
class Table{
3.
synchronized void printTable(int n){//synchronized method
4.
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
5.
System.out.println(n*i);
6.
try{
7.
Thread.sleep(400);
8.
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
9.
} } }
10.
11.
class MyThread1 extends Thread{
12.
Table t;
13.
MyThread1(Table t){
14.
this.t=t;
15.
}
16.
public void run(){
17.
t.printTable(5);
18.
} }
19.
class MyThread2 extends Thread{
20.
Table t;
21.
MyThread2(Table t){
22.
this.t=t;
23.
}
24.
public void run(){
25.
t.printTable(100);
26.
} }
27.
28.
public class TestSynchronization2{
29.
public static void main(String args[]){
30.
Table obj = new Table();//only one object
31.
MyThread1 t1=new MyThread1(obj);
32.
MyThread2 t2=new MyThread2(obj);
33.
t1.start();
34.
t2.start();
35.
} }
Output: 5
10
15
20
25
100
200
300
400
500
Synchronized block in java
Synchronized block can be used to perform synchronization
on any specific resource of the method.
Suppose you have 50 lines of code in your method, but you
want to synchronize only 5 lines, you can use synchronized block.
If you put all the codes of the method in the
synchronized block, it will work same as the synchronized method.
Points to remember for Synchronized block
- Synchronized
block is used to lock an object for any shared resource.
- Scope of
synchronized block is smaller than the method.
Syntax to use synchronized
block
1.
synchronized (object reference expression) {
2.
//code block
3.
}
Example of synchronized block
1.
class Table{
2.
void printTable(int n){
3.
synchronized(this){//synchronized block
4.
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
5.
System.out.println(n*i);
6.
try{
7.
Thread.sleep(400);
8.
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
9.
} }
10.
}//end of the method
11.
}
12.
13.
class MyThread1 extends Thread{
14.
Table t;
15.
MyThread1(Table t){
16.
this.t=t;
17.
}
18.
public void run(){
19.
t.printTable(5);
20.
}
21.
}
22.
class MyThread2 extends Thread{
23.
Table t;
24.
MyThread2(Table t){
25.
this.t=t;
26.
}
27.
public void run(){
28.
t.printTable(100);
29.
}
30.
}
31.
public class TestSynchronizedBlock1{
32.
public static void main(String args[]){
33.
Table obj = new Table();//only one object
34.
MyThread1 t1=new MyThread1(obj);
35.
MyThread2 t2=new MyThread2(obj);
36.
t1.start();
37.
t2.start();
38.
}
39.
}
Output:5 10 15 20 25 100 200 300 400 500
Inter-thread communication in Java
We have few methods through which java threads can
communicate with each other. These methods are wait(), notify(), notifyAll(). All these methods can only be called
from within a synchronized method.
1) To understand synchronization java has a
concept of monitor. Monitor can be thought of as a box which can hold only one
thread. Once a thread enters the monitor all the other threads have to wait
until that thread exits the monitor.
2) wait() tells the calling thread to give
up the monitor and go to sleep until some other thread enters the same monitor
and calls notify().
3) notify() wakes up the first thread that called wait() on the same object.
notifyAll() wakes up all the threads that called wait() on the
same object. The highest priority thread will run first.
Inter-thread communication or Co-operation is all about allowing synchronized
threads to communicate with each other.
Cooperation (Inter-thread communication) is a mechanism
in which a thread is paused running in its critical section and another thread
is allowed to enter (or lock) in the same critical section to be executed.It is
implemented by following methods of Object
class:
- wait()
- notify()
- notifyAll()
1)
wait() method
Causes current thread to release the lock and wait until
either another thread invokes the notify() method or the notifyAll() method for
this object, or a specified amount of time has elapsed.
The current thread must own this object's monitor, so it
must be called from the synchronized method only otherwise it will throw
exception.
|
Method |
Description |
|
public final void wait()throws
InterruptedException |
waits until object is notified. |
|
public final void wait(long timeout)throws
InterruptedException |
waits for the specified amount of time. |
2)
notify() method
Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on this object's
monitor. If any threads are waiting on this object, one of them is chosen to be
awakened. The choice is arbitrary and occurs at the discretion of the
implementation. Syntax:
public final void notify()
3)
notifyAll() method
Wakes up all threads that are waiting on this object's
monitor. Syntax:
public final void notifyAll()
Understanding
the process of inter-thread communication
The point to point explanation of the above diagram is as
follows:
- Threads enter
to acquire lock.
- Lock is
acquired by on thread.
- Now thread
goes to waiting state if you call wait() method on the object. Otherwise
it releases the lock and exits.
- If you call
notify() or notifyAll() method, thread moves to the notified state
(runnable state).
- Now thread is
available to acquire lock.
- After
completion of the task, thread releases the lock and exits the monitor
state of the object.
Difference
between wait and sleep:
|
wait() |
sleep() |
|
wait() method releases the lock |
sleep() method doesn't release the lock. |
|
is the method of Object class |
is the method of Thread class |
|
is the non-static method |
is the static method |
|
is the non-static method |
is the static method |
|
should be notified by notify() or
notifyAll() methods |
after the specified amount of time, sleep
is completed. |
Example of inter thread communication
in java
1.
class Customer{
2.
int amount=10000;
3.
synchronized void withdraw(int amount){
4.
System.out.println("going to withdraw...");
5.
6.
if(this.amount<amount){
7.
System.out.println("Less balance; waiting for deposit...");
8.
try{wait();}catch(Exception e){}
9.
}
10.
this.amount-=amount;
11.
System.out.println("withdraw completed...");
12.
}
13.
14.
synchronized void deposit(int amount){
15.
System.out.println("going to deposit...");
16.
this.amount+=amount;
17.
System.out.println("deposit completed... ");
18.
notify();
19.
}
20.
}
21.
22.
class Test{
23.
public static void main(String args[]){
24.
final Customer c=new Customer();
25.
new Thread(){
26.
public void run(){c.withdraw(15000);}
27.
}.start();
28.
new Thread(){
29.
public void run(){c.deposit(10000);}
30.
}.start();
31.
32.
}}
Output: going to withdraw... Less balance; waiting for deposit... going to deposit... deposit completed... withdraw completed
Method 1: Thread creation by extending Thread class
Example 1:
class MultithreadingDemo extends Thread{
public void run(){
System.out.println("My
thread is in running state.");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
MultithreadingDemo obj=new MultithreadingDemo();
obj.start();
}
}
Output:
My thread is in running state.
Example 2:
class Count extends Thread
{
Count()
{
super("my extending thread");
System.out.println("my
thread created" + this);
start();
}
public void run()
{
try
{
for (int i=0 ;i<10;i++)
{
System.out.println("Printing
the count " + i);
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
}
catch(InterruptedException e)
{
System.out.println("my
thread interrupted");
}
System.out.println("My
thread run is over" );
}
}
class ExtendingExample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Count cnt = new Count();
try
{
while(cnt.isAlive())
{
System.out.println("Main
thread will be alive till the child thread is live");
Thread.sleep(1500);
}
}
catch(InterruptedException e)
{
System.out.println("Main
thread interrupted");
}
System.out.println("Main
thread's run is over" );
}
}
Output:
my thread createdThread[my runnable thread,5,main]
Main thread will be alive till the child
thread is live
Printing the count 0
Printing the count 1
Main thread will be alive till the child
thread is live
Printing the count 2
Main thread will be alive till the child
thread is live
Printing the count 3
Printing the count 4
Main thread will be alive till the child
thread is live
Printing the count 5
Main thread will be alive till the child
thread is live
Printing the count 6
Printing the count 7
Main thread will be alive till the child
thread is live
Printing the count 8
Main thread will be alive till the child
thread is live
Printing the count 9
mythread run is over
Main thread run is over
Method 2: Thread creation by implementing Runnable Interface
A Simple Example
class MultithreadingDemo implements Runnable{
public void run(){
System.out.println("My
thread is in running state.");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
MultithreadingDemo obj=new MultithreadingDemo();
Thread tobj =new Thread(obj);
tobj.start();
}
}
Output:
My thread is in running state.
Example Program 2:
Observe the output of this program and try to understand what is happening in
this program. If you have understood the usage of each thread method then you
should not face any issue, understanding this example.
class Count implements Runnable
{
Thread
mythread ;
Count()
{
mythread = new Thread(this, "my runnable thread");
System.out.println("my
thread created" +
mythread);
mythread.start();
}
public void run()
{
try
{
for (int i=0 ;i<10;i++)
{
System.out.println("Printing
the count " + i);
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
}
catch(InterruptedException e)
{
System.out.println("my
thread interrupted");
}
System.out.println("mythread
run is over" );
}
}
class RunnableExample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Count cnt = new Count();
try
{
while(cnt.mythread.isAlive())
{
System.out.println("Main
thread will be alive till the child thread is live");
Thread.sleep(1500);
}
}
catch(InterruptedException e)
{
System.out.println("Main
thread interrupted");
}
System.out.println("Main
thread run is over" );
}
}
Output:
my thread createdThread[my runnable thread,5,main]
Main thread will be alive till the child
thread is live
Printing the count 0
Printing the count 1
Main thread will be alive till the child
thread is live
Printing the count 2
Main thread will be alive till the child
thread is live
Printing the count 3
Printing the count 4
Main thread will be alive till the child
thread is live
Printing the count 5
Main thread will be alive till the child
thread is live
Printing the count 6
Printing the count 7
Main thread will be alive till the child
thread is live
Printing the count 8
Main thread will be alive till the child
thread is live
Printing the count 9
mythread run is over
Main thread run is over
Reviewed by Asst. Prof. Sunita Rai
on
July 15, 2022
Rating:
No comments: